Top: a sentence in English is translated to Urdu using the current En-Ur MT system. Next, the Ur-En MT system takes that Urdu translation as input and produces the English translation. The error between “cats are crazy” and “cats are lazy” is used to change the parameters such that the Ur-En MT system is more likely to output the correct sentence at the next iteration. Bottom: The same process in reverse, using the Ur-En MT system to provide data for the En-Ur MT system.

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